Curious Kids: how is fabric made?

How is a fabric made? – Saskia, age 5, Sydney Hi Saskia, that’s a great question! From clothes to curtains, towels and sheets, fabrics are everywhere in our daily lives. You might also hear people call them “textiles”.

People have been making fabric, or textiles, for a very long time. They’ve been doing it for almost 35,000 years! Let’s first think about what fabric is. The dictionary says fabric is a cloth made by knitting or weaving together fibres.

What is a fibre? Fiber is like a strand of hair. It’s very long and thin.

Fibers can come from nature. Some common natural fibers are cotton, silk, and wool.

Humans have also found ways to make fibers ourselves in the past 150 years. We can use technology to turn oil into fibers. We can even make special fibres to make your raincoat waterproof, or make a soldier’s vest bullet-proof.

But how can these thin, hair-like fibers be made into something we can wear? From fibre to yarn First, we need to put the fibres together to make long strings of yarn. This can be tricky because many fibers are quite short, especially natural ones.

Cotton fiber is usually only around 3cm long. That’s shorter than a paper clip. Wool is usually cut from a sheep when it is 7.5cm long – about the length of a crayon.

We twist these shorter fibres together to make a longer yarn. The twisting makes the fibres rub together and grip to each other. This is called yarn spinning.

Yarn spinning The first step of yarn spinning involves taking bundle of fibres, lining them up, them combing them like you comb your hair … or how you might comb a long beard! In fact, when we’ve combed them into a sheet, we call it a “beard”.

Next, the sheet is stretched into a long tube. As it stretches, it becomes thinner and thinner. Then we twist it to form a yarn. This delicate sheet of fibers may have been metered wide, to begin with, but we twist it into a thin thread.

There are all types of yarn threads. They can be thin, thick, hard, soft, stretchy, or even ones you can’t cut! It all depends on the starting fibre and the machine settings.

Turning yarn into fabric Once we have our yarn, we’re ready to make fabric. There are many ways do this, such as weaving, knitting or felting.

Weaving crosses the yarns over and under in a chessboard pattern. Knitting makes loops that pass through each other.

Felting is when we get wool fibers wet and soapy. We rub the fibers together until they are all tangled up. Then we press the fibers into a flat sheet called felt.

Weaving, knitting and felting can be very slow if you do them by hand! These days we often use machines to speed things up.

How fabric is made So we start with the fibre. Then we spin it into long strings of yarn. Next we weave, knit or felt the yarn into fabric. And that, Saskia, is how we make fabric.

(By Ken Aldren S. Usman, PhD Candidate, Deakin University and Dylan Hegh, Manager – Circular Economy Initatives and ANFF-Deakin Hub, Deakin University. The Conversation)