Unveiling appendiceal cancer: Understanding, diagnosis, and treatment approaches

The appendix, a small organ located at the junction of the small and large intestines, is often overlooked until it becomes the focal point of health concerns. While appendix cancer is relatively rare, it’s crucial to understand its causes, symptoms, and available treatments.

Causes
Appendix cancer, also known as appendiceal cancer, can arise from various cell types within the appendix. The exact cause remains unclear, but genetic factors and certain conditions, such as appendiceal mucocele (abnormal accumulation of mucus), may contribute to its development.

Symptoms
Identifying appendix cancer can be challenging because symptoms may mimic other abdominal issues. Common signs include persistent abdominal pain, changes in bowel habits, unexplained weight loss, and a feeling of fullness. Due to the subtlety of these symptoms, individuals may not seek medical attention until the cancer has progressed.

Diagnosis
Diagnosing appendix cancer often involves imaging tests like CT scans, MRIs, and ultrasound. Additionally, a biopsy may be conducted to examine tissue samples for the presence of cancer cells. Accurate diagnosis is crucial for determining the appropriate treatment.

Types of appendix cancer
Appendix cancer is classified into different types based on the type of cells involved. Carcinoid tumours, goblet cell carcinoids, and mucinous adenocarcinomas are among the primary types. Each has distinct characteristics, which influence treatment decisions.

Treatment
The treatment approach for appendix cancer depends on factors such as the type and stage of cancer. Surgical removal of the appendix (appendectomy) is often the initial step, and it may be sufficient for certain cases. HIPEC with cytoreductive surgery is beneficial in advanced stages.

Prognosis
The prognosis for appendix cancer varies, and factors such as the type of cancer, stage at diagnosis, and response to treatment play significant roles. Early detection and prompt intervention generally contribute to better outcomes.

Even in some variants of advanced cancer good prognosis can be achieved by HIPEC with cytoreductive surgery.

By Dr Lohith U, Consultant – Surgical Gastroenterology Bariatric And GI Oncology, Manipal Hospital, Sarjapur road