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The newly introduced laws—Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), and Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA)—replace the British-era Indian Penal Code, Code of Criminal Procedure, and the Indian Evidence Act. These modernized laws reflect contemporary social realities and address modern-day crimes.
Fresh FIRs are now filed under these new laws, while ongoing cases will continue under the old laws. The reforms bring in advanced justice mechanisms such as Zero FIR, online registration of complaints, and electronic modes for issuing summonses and mandatory videography of heinous crime scenes.